Case Study Report HTC Corp

Question: Break down the business activities, methodologies, techniques for theHTC Corp. Answer: Official Summary For the most part, this exploration paper depends looking into the issue concentrate with regards to HTC Corp. What's more, this exploration study is created and led so as to dissect the business tasks, methodologies, techniques for the organization. Alongside this, this examination paper additionally gives a concise conversation about the contextual analysis by breaking down the circumstance of the organization in the market. Then again, this paper likewise gives conversation on the issues and issues looked by HTC in the worldwide business condition. Furthermore, this paper additionally address noteworthy inquiry that what are the significant effect of various issues looked on the general working of the organization. In addition, this paper additionally gives explicit proposals and recommendations so as to conquer such significant issues or difficulties that are influencing the general development and achievement of the organization in the worldwide business condition. Simultaneousl y, it ought to likewise be noted down that, this examination paper is increasingly significant, viable and thorough for the perusers, specialists, and understudies in dissecting the business circumstance of an organization. With the assistance of this paper, they would have the option to understand genuine contextual investigations at the work environment in a powerful and appropriate way. Besides, this exploration paper has more or wide extension since it manages a great deal of explicit and huge examination questions, points and goals. Moreover, this examination paper is led through assessing optional sources, for example, articles, books and online sources. Just, it very well may be said that, so as to satisfy the exploration points and destinations related with this examination paper, auxiliary wellspring of data are utilized to gather the critical data about the exploration paper in a powerful and increasingly noteworthy way. Similarly, free examination is considered for the satisfaction of related goals and points of this exploration paper in a powerful and fitting way. Presentation This paper assesses the contextual investigation of HTC Corporation in 2009 by Yoffie Kim (2010). The primary point of this paper is to assess the current situation of HTC Corporation and distinguished their feeble regions. This paper likewise prescribes proposed answer for issue looked by HTC Corporation. Likewise, it ought to likewise be noted down that, this exploration contextual analysis is increasingly significant and important in comprehension and investigating the general business circumstance of the HTC in the worldwide market. Additionally, this paper likewise gives a short conversation about the issues looked by the HTC in the market and procedures to defeat such issues in a viable and progressively critical way. Proclamation of the Problem: The principle issue articulation of this paper is: Significant expense, high costs on RD and low brand esteem affected on the monetary presentation and position of HTC Corporation in the worldwide market. Exploration Aims Objectives: Every single examination paper or study is directed or arranged for the satisfaction of explicit targets and points so that related and wanted results can be get viably. In a similar way, this exploration paper is likewise described with the various goals and points that will be satisfied during the investigation of this examination paper viably. For example, the fundamental reason for this examination paper is assessing the matter of HTC Corp in the Global Business condition. Then again, the primary point of this paper is to examine the issue looked by HTC in the global market. The key targets in setting this paper is examined as underneath: To get to the business circumstance of HTC Corp To break down the principle issue or issues looked by HTC To give a concise conversation about the contextual investigation To look at the fiscal reports of the organization in investigating the money related soundness of HTC To give explicit suggestion to unravel the business issue These goals would be accomplished during the investigation of this examination paper so as to get the ideal results with regards to this paper Structure of the report: Coming up next are the fundamental structure of this report: Presentation Case Brief/foundation of study characterize the issues/issue Examination of issues Investigation and Findings Propose arrangement of the issues Subsequently, the accompanying structure would be utilized to achieve the substantial results with regards to this exploration study. Case Brief/Background of Study Define the Issues/Problem Based on contextual analysis, the primary issue looked by the HTC Corporation is declined the benefit and deals of the organization in late timespan. Similarly, it tends to be said that, these are the primary issues or issues that negatively affect the general authoritative development and accomplishment of HTC in the market. Based on the concise investigation of the case coming up next are the principle issues recognized identified with HTC Corporation: High costs on RD Significant expense of the items in contrast with contenders Weal brand esteem or lesser realized brand name in the market Target specialty portion of market (Casey, Bann, Doyle, 2010). No experience of stock administration Shortcoming in advertising portion Low item lifecycle (around 3 quarters) No financial of scale (Distefano, Me, 2008). No related knowledge in Marketing, gracefully chain and stock administration Less spotlight on creating and making the brand an incentive in the worldwide market Not use of accessible assets No emphasis on own APP Store Dangers related with the guarantee of the item Utilization of normal PLC (Distefano, Me, Pace, 2010). Less spotlight on Asian Market Significant expense of items Absence of creative and explicit promoting systems Less client arranged items These are the primary issues distinguished that are looked by HTC organization in the ongoing time that impacts its presentation and position in the serious market. What's more, these issues are likewise influencing the organization from the vital perspective that implies these are additionally influencing the general business tasks of the organization contrarily so it is suggested that, the organization would should concentrate on utilizing a wide scope of methodologies and strategies so as to decrease such issues in a successful and increasingly orderly way (Hoog Strzempka, 2011). Henceforth, all these are the primary issues or issue looked by the HTC that are talked about and examined with regards to this examination paper viably to satisfy the ideal results in a compelling and appropriate way. Articulation of the Problem Based on the above characterized issues or issues, this segment depicts the difficult explanation and breaks down the contextual investigation with the utilization of various hypotheses, ideas or models. Based on the examination of fiscal summary gave of HTC of most recent five years, it tends to be distinguished that the organization cost of item is high that affected on its net benefit. It implies the significant expense of item is influencing the money related soundness of the organization in the market so it is fundamental for the organization to lessen the expense so as to improve piece of the pie productivity. Also, the organization would need to give and offer excellent items by redcing the expense of item in a powerful and appropriate way. Then again, the underneath table shows HTC cost of deals bit of income is a lot higher (66-81%) over the most recent five years that demonstrates the organization fabricating cost or item cost is higher (Mahajan, Dahiya, Sanghvi, 2013). Alongside this, it is likewise discovered that, the significant expense of item or assembling additionally shows the total compensation parcel on income is bring down that impacts on the budgetary presentation of the organization. The underneath table shows the HTC income is expanded in 2008 yet the overall gain is declined that circumstance is money related not great of the organization perspective. All these modification or change is one because of significant expense of the result of the organization. In a similar way, the organization should attempt to keep up its significant expense of items by utilizing various procedures and approachs adequately. Aside from this, it is likewise broke down and discovered that, the significant expense of creation and decrease in the benefit shows the organization interior shortcoming implies it needs to control its costs to upgrade benefit else it face gave later on (Said, Yousif, Humaid, 2011). HTC Financial Information 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Income 1148 2215 3215 3656 4651 Cost of Sales 936 1728 2254 2418 3107 % of income 81.53% 78.01% 70.11% 66.14% 66.80% Overall gain 122 359 774 892 873 % of income 10.63% 16.21% 24.07% 24.40% 18.77% RD costs 63 73 91 119 293 % of income 5.49% 3.30% 2.83% 3.25% 6.30% Based on the above table, it very well may be expressed that HTC has been spend around 5-6% of its income on RD (research advancement) costs. Aside from this, it is likewise dissected that, the organization has spent more in their RD costs that decrease the total compensation or benefit of the business. It shows the high RD costs is the shortcoming of the HTC and it have to take care of this issue. In a similar way, it very well may be suggested that, the organization ought to decrease RD costs in any event 3% of the income to upgrade its net benefit or salary and to give the adequate return of its speculators or investors. With the assistance of this training or technique, HTC would have the option to diminish the expense of the item and there would be addition in the hierarchical benefit (Solomon, Rudolph, Tittel, Broom, Barrett, 2011). What's more, based on contextual analysis data, the beneath chart demonstrates the HTC deals by areas in 2008 that speak to the organization 36% deals

Help Shape Future Societies Into Great Ones Religion Essays

Help Shape Future Societies Into Great Ones Religion Essays Help Shape Future Societies Into Great Ones Religion Essay Help Shape Future Societies Into Great Ones Religion Essay The Hebrew s left little writing to demo their imposts. Indeed the solitary writing that is left from Hebrew society is otherworldly content. The core scholarly plants being the Torah or Pentateuch, which is the initial five books of the Bible. These plants were non assembled all together of books until after the fall of the Hebrew state. From these writings we gain proficiency with a few things about how they lived. They were an extremely thorough society. They were non human-centric, however accepted that God was the solitary of import being. This human progress had a monotheistic conviction. The God that they revered was an only God and they did non request Him. God had full command over what took topographic point in their development. In the event that they addressed God they accepted that they would be rebuffed. In spite of the fact that Hebraic development is extremely not the same as current twenty-four hours human advancement, there are three of import inside informations th at are as yet pertinent today. First Hebrew development was a Patriarchal society. Following, dress was of import to the situation of grown-up male. Last, justness was of import to their way of life. All through this paper I am heading out to explain how these things were winning to their general public and how they are as yet a segment of our own today. One way that cutting edge human advancement is like the Hebrew s is that it was a Patriarchal society. In the account of Noah in the book of Genesis no names of the grown-up females are referenced. In spite of the fact that our general public has come a long way in this nation. We are as yet a grown-up male first society. In a marriage the grown-up females generally take the grown-up male s last name. A customary pre-marriage ceremony regularly finishes with the expression I currently present to you Mr. what's more, Mrs. embed grown-up male s name here. In most two-parent puts the grown-up male is the caput of the family. This is va lid in my family at any rate. Work powers are typically the 1s that hold the majority of the significant level occupations in America. Most political spots are help by work powers each piece great. They regularly make a higher pay than grown-up females in a similar spot as them. In the account of innovative action the Hebrew s saw Eve in a low-level place and accept that she was the ground for the harvest time of grown-up male. This sets the stage for how starting now and into the foreseeable future grown-up females are nt referenced so a lot and are in lower puts in the Torah. Despite the fact that our general public is nt near each piece man centric as the Hebrew s were, we despite everything have plentifulness of sex imbalance. Another characteristic of Hebrew human advancement that is as yet seeable today is the way clothes were of import and indicated the situation of grown-up male. This is evident in the story of Joseph, which is other than in the book of Genesis. The coat tha t Joseph is given meant riches. The Jews cherished holding a clump of shading in their clothes. The length of a coat other than was of import in the family. As Joseph rose in influence his clothes exemplified more riches. As he fell in force or position he was deprived of his clothes or had clothes as pieces of clothing. In our general public today array as often as possible do demo position. People groups need to buy the top exchange names so they can lift to a higher position or possibly seem like they are of a higher classification. People groups in high places are relied upon to have on more pleasant vesture than those in the lower classifications. People groups imagine this happens just in secondary school with youngsters yet this is basic in adults each piece great. The expensive shops that affluent, sharp individuals store at, ensure that it is non simple for low classification individuals to shop where they shop. Attire, as in the Hebrew human advancement shows position of t he social orders individuals. Third, justness was a property that was of import to the Hebrew s. It is something that is other than of import in our general public in spite of the way that we see it extremely in any case than the Hebrew s did in their clasp. Their situation of justness is shown in how God rebuffs His kin. It is appeared in a considerable lot of the abstract plants that we have examined. The story of Creation shows their situation of justness. Adam was condemned to an existence of troublesome work alongside each other homo that was to come. Eve would suffer from birth strivings and the snake would eat soil. God had justness how he saw fit. That would be the means by which the Hebrew s saw this situation. Equity is other than appeared in the account of Noah and the Tower of Babel. Today we take a gander at justness a little spot extraordinary. Our considerations of justness appear to come to a great extent from the court. We consider liable until demonstrated unpracti ced individual or an oculus for an oculus. We without a doubt question things not at all like the Hebrew s. In all actuality justness is a mind boggling thing in our social orders eyes. We certainly do nt hold an ideal justness framework, yet it is something that we see actually very, much like the Hebrew s. In choice, the Hebrew human progress has given a couple of things to our cutting edge twenty-four hours society. We contrast in numerous nations however through clasp and a wide range of civilisations the entirety of the human advancements have shaped our general public into what it is today. The writing that has been deserted from all human advancements has given us a look into how our way of life has formed into what it is today. The Hebrew conventions went along to us the trait of a man centric culture. Despite the fact that along these lines, life before and mostly now has been all the more hard for grown-up females. Hebrew s other than identified with us in the way that ves ture is of import to demoing the situation of grown-up male. Last, they esteemed justness. Despite the fact that they esteemed it extremely in any case than our general public, it was as yet of import to them, much like it is to our general public. Customs are passed down from coevalss to coevalss as they are passed down things modification. We perceive that through the writing that we read from the past civic establishments. As clasp passes by and more writing is composed we will at last be the past human advancements. What we are go forthing behind today could help decide future social orders into incredible 1s!

Dreams

Dreams For many people, the idea of what do I want to be when I grow up is a question that is easily answered when we are five or six (princess, tiger (shoutout to my little sister Mikayla), spaceman, firefighter, president, etc.), but as the time comes for us to truly decide what we are going to do with our lives the question becomes infinitely more difficult. As time goes on, it is no longer just a question of what you want to be, but also how much money will such a career much, does this career require formal education, if so how many years, do you need an MD, do you need a PhD, how often will I have to move, are there any jobs available in this field, etc. It is no longer a question that can be easily answered by just saying the first thing that comes to mind. There is time, thought, and effort that now has to be put into thinking about what is that you want to do for, potentially, the rest of your life. Even here at MIT this is a question that students struggle with. There are so many options that it can be hard to stick with just one. Nevertheless, due to an unfortunate series of events, what I want to be has always been pretty clear. If you are new to the MIT blogs, mine in particular, there are a few things that you need to know about me before I continue. I lost my birth mother due to breast cancer in 2007. The day she died I promised her that I would do everything that I could to make sure that no one else had to suffer from cancer the way she did. That day, I began a binder full of cancer research wherever I could find it. That day, I decided that I would devote the rest of my life to cancer research. As time went on after that, I would eventually run into an interesting word. I was in middle school when my eighth grade teacher gave us a list of words that we could choose from to do a research project on. I scrolled up and down the list until my eyes fell on the word “nanotechnology”. At the time I wasn’t very familiar with the concept, but it had the word technology in it. I felt that was about as close as I was going to get to anything math/science related in an English class, so I took it and hit the ground running. As I began to look into this tiny “technology” I began to realize its relation to medicine, specifically cancer. Anyone who has known or loved someone diagnosed with cancer knows that chemotherapy treatment is one of the worst things a person can experience. As a kid I remember thinking that the “medicine” was doing more harm than the cancer was. Hair loss, weight loss, jaundice, etc. I hated everything that chemotherapy brought with it. However, during my seventh grade research project, I remember reading “If we can encapsulate chemotherapy drugs in nanoparticles we can kill the cancer without the side effects that are often very tightly associated with chemotherapy drugs.” It was then that I decided that nanotechnology was how I wanted to pursue cancer research. After that project my scientific readings began to move towards how nanotechnology could be applied to cancer. My notebooks became full of things like “A cool nanoparticle that makes pointy Killer T-cells using RhoGTPases to adjust actin.” (Lol that specific idea was called “drill T-cells”) I would take these ideas to my biology teacher in high school, and she would look over and tell me what I might be doing wrong or how to improve my ideas, and I would go right back to the drawing board. I would read more papers on the new nanotechnology that was coming out, and how I could improve my ideas. There was one constant amongst many of the papers I read. Paula Hammond, Michael Cima, Sangeeta Bhatia, Frank Gertler, Robert Langer, (all MIT researchers) seemed to keep appearing in the papers that I read. In my head these people were what I had always wanted to be. These people had given their lives to research and to the end of cancer. I wanted nothing more than to be like them. I w anted nothing more than to be at MIT with them. The second I got onto MIT campus, I began looking for a UROP. I was advised to wait until my second semester to begin a UROP, so that I could get adjusted to life at MIT first (good advice). Nevertheless, I settled on one with a Harvard graduate student at the Broad Institute in December that I would begin in February after IAP. It wasn’t at the Koch like I wanted, and it was kind of cancer research, but not really. I had just settled for the first real yes that I got. Fortunately, it fell through because there was no room in the lab. Looking back I was upset, but it ended up being one of the best things that could have happened to me. I ended up continuing my search for a UROP and finding one that I could do over the summer. It was at the Koch Institute, in nanomedicine, working on reducing chemotherapeutic side effects through nanoparticle encapsulation. I would be working under Dr. Paula Hammond, an amazing woman that had given me advice on what it would take to be a good nanote chnologist, and had told me that MIT would be a great place for college all the way back in eighth grade when I had visited MIT on a tour. I really could not have asked for anything more. That is how I got where I am now. I have been at the Koch Institute all summer working on ovarian cancer nanomedicine. I am working under a fourth year graduate student on some cool combination nanomedicine development. Half way through, I got to sit in a meeting with Sangeeta Bhatia, Paula Hammond, Robert Langer, and Angela Belcher. I honestly almost died (#nerddreams). If it wasn’t for MIT, I know I may not have gotten this opportunity, especially not as a freshman. Below is the first batch of nanoparticles that I created towards the beginning of the summer.   To many it would just look like a weird liquid, and in all honesty it doesn’t really do much. It was a test batch of particle I made so that I could learn how to make nanoparticle without wasting a bunch of expensive particle. However, right after I finished taking this picture I broke down in the lab. It was pretty gross, not going to lie. I probably shouldn’t have been crying in a lab, everything in it already looks like water, I don’t know what kind of reactions I could’ve set off. However, this batch of particles meant the world to me. I had spent so many sleepless nights in my life just staring at the ceiling, tears rolling down my face, worried that I would never be able to keep my promise to my birth mother. I had spent so many sleepless nights reading paper after paper after paper, hoping that each one would bring me that much close to a cure to cancer. I had so many old scars on my hands from walls I would punch in frustration, when I couldn’t save a friend’s mot her from dying of cancer, because I still couldn’t find the cure. I had so much weight on my back feeling that the weight of cancer was sitting on my back, and my back alone. However, that batch of particles showed me that I might just be capable of finding the cure that I had promised I would find. Having the entire Koch Institute working on the same dream showed me that I was not alone in this dream. That there were hundreds if not thousands that were with me in achieving this dream, and who knows, maybe one day we might just do it. This is the graduate student that I am currently working under. One of the coolest and smartest guys in the entire world. He reached out and took a freshman for an entire summer, and I cannot thank him enough for continuously pushing me in the right direction. The lab in which I am working in. A beautiful bench if I do say so myself :P Says enough for Itself.

A Research Report On The Strategy Of Identi Drive

The company will centralize its efforts around a facial recognition system called Identi-Drive. Identi-Drive will allow customers to start their cars, scan for eye movement to ensure that the driver is alert and focused while operating the vehicle, and notify the driver if it detects distraction. This research paper will investigate the economic challenges that this company will face during the start up period, as well as economic conditions that the company will face during its days of operation. This section will cover economic information pertaining to the customer, the city of Indianapolis, and the economic factors that will determine the success of Identi-Drive. Unemployment rates have been on a downward decline since March 2010. Frank (2014) noted that from July 2014 to August 2014, unemployment rates have dropped 0.1%. Focusing on the last year, the unemployment rate has dropped from 7.5% to the current 5.8%. Indiana’s decrease of 1.7% is one of the largest declines of unemployment rating in the United States in the last year. This decline can be contributed to an increase in Indiana’s employment. Since September 2013, Indiana has added 51,000 employees to the workforce. Scott B. Sanders, Commissioner of the Indiana Department of Workforce Development, stated, Indiana s unemployment rate has decreased 1.7 percent over the past year, while the labor force has expanded by more than 51,000 workers, which is quite remarkable. During the same period, the Hoosier StateShow MoreRelatedGlobal Trends in Hospitality7741 Words   |  31 Pagesstrategic concerns: location, integration, a$liation, conguration, organisation, implementatio n and adaptation. For unit operations management the framework of analysis is based on Lockwood and Jones (1989, The Management of Hotel Operations). This identies seven key result areas: assets, employees, capacity (or customers), productivity, service, income (or control), and quality. Using these frameworks an assessment is made of current issues and trends in hospitality operations management, leadingRead MoreIs Increasing Salary the Best Motivator for Employees?4017 Words   |  16 PagesIs Increasing Salary the Best Motivator of Employees? Research Objective The objective of the research in this study is to examine whether increasing salaries of employees is the best motivator to employees. Towards this end, this study conducts a review of literature including journal articles, peer-reviewed academic and professional publications and other sources including information located online that represent valid sources. Introduction Employees are motivated by many factors relatingRead MoreParental Influence on Children’s Talent Development- a Case Study with Three Chinese American Families10068 Words   |  41 Pagesfrom the parents, and research questions focused on the daily practice of parenting and parents’ beliefs concerning how to nurture high achievement among children. Findings of this study include evidence of a sense of responsibility for parenting, a high level of confidence over their children’s future, and a mixed strategy of parenting that combines traditional Chinese parental expectations with an adopted Western notion of respect for a child’s own decision making. Research indicates that thereRead MoreWal-Mart Case Study – Rfid and Supply Chain Management7654 Words   |  31 PagesIntroduction Technology is inevitable in every sphere of life today; it has always made things easier. Wal-Mart works on the same strategy, from the above description; we can understand how diversified Wal-Mart is and the volume of cargo it needs to handle for each of its business’s. Traditionally, it had started with computerization of individual stores with small billing machines and had then led to centralized billing for record keeping. The technology has grown by leaps and bounds and hasRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesIncome Medicare Beneficiaries Subtitle B—Reducing Health Disparities Subtitle C—Miscellaneous Improvements TITLE III—PROMOTING PRIMARY CARE, MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, AND COORDINATED CARE TITLE IV—QUALITY Subtitle A—Comparative Effectiveness Research Subtitle B—Nursing Home Transparency Subtitle C—Quality Measurements Subtitle D—Physician Payments Sunshine Provision Subtitle E—Public Reporting on Health Care-Associated Infections TITLE V—MEDICARE GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION TITLE VI—PROGRAM

Theme Of Corruption In The Great Gatsby - 809 Words

Just like any other word, corruption has multiple interpretations. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, corruption as a noun means dishonest or illegal behavior, especially by powerful people. Power also has a number of interpretations in a variety of different contexts. Historians associate power with an ability used to force people into obeying leaders. Scientists associate power as a rate at which work happens. F. Scott Fitzgerald associates corruption with New Yorkers who possess an abundance of power in 1922. Through multiple events, the character Tom Buchanan expresses inconsiderate, narcissistic, and sexist behavior leading to the fragmented relationship between him and his wife, Daisy proving his indisputable corruption.†¦show more content†¦Because of Tom’s narcissism, he believes Gatsby should have introduced as a higher valued person. Tom then later has suspicions of Daisy and Gatsby and investigates Gatsby. Tom’s downgraded introduction cre ated a suspicion towards Gatsby because of Tom’s narcissistic behavior. Tom’s behavior towards others affixes an unstable and insecure nature to his personality which consequences to insecurity and evident corruption in Tom. Tom proved to demonstrate multiple examples of his sexism behavior towards Daisy and other women in general. Tom clearly disrespects Daisy since he cheats on her with another woman, however, it does not seem like he respects her any more than he respects Myrtle. When Nick tagged along with Tom to visit Myrtle, Tom criticized the place where he meets Myrtle and â€Å"Tom Buchanan broke her nose with an open hand†. Even though Tom is supposed to act reverential to Myrtle since he claims he cares about her, Tom treats her with disrespect by physically abusing her. By abusing her, Tom puts down all women and their self-worth. 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Abuse of Prescription Drugs on College Campuses Free Essays

string(27) " student was not so lucky\." Abuse of Drugs on College Campuses Today on college campuses, it is not possible to make it through college without knowing someone who has at least tried a prescription drug or recreational drug for either party uses, to help them study and keep up in school, or simply to help them get by day-to-day essay writer toronto. Maybe you have tried them yourself? College students all across the nation are abusing substances such as Adderall, Vicodin, Oxycontin, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, etc. Those students who drink alcohol are more likely to use prescription drugs for non-medical uses than non-drinkers. We will write a custom essay sample on Abuse of Prescription Drugs on College Campuses or any similar topic only for you Order Now The number one way students are getting their hands on these different drugs is from the help of their peers. As for prescriptions, others steal it from their family members in their medicine cabinets at home if it is available. Like any drug, your body will build up a tolerance when you take it regularly resulting in dependence of that drug and/or need of higher dosages. Some people even fake symptoms to get prescribed the drug needed. For example, there are multiple websites on how to fake ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) so your doctor will prescribe you Adderall. Prescription Drugs All this talk and we do not know what Adderall even is. Adderall (amphetamine, dextroamphetamine mixed salts) is a prescription drug that is generally prescribed to treat people with ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) or ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). Some side effects are euphoria, restlessness, headache, dryness of mouth, insomnia, and even anorexia because of loss of appetite. Adderall is a central nervous system stimulant which can result in stroke or even death if the proper precautions are not met. This stimulant causes an increase in average heart rate about 3-6 beats per minute and an increase of average blood pressure about 2-4 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) (â€Å"Adderall†). As for Adderall’s contribution to college students, it is known as â€Å"Brain Steroids. † Some street names for it are addy, beans, black beauties, speed, double trouble, and Christmas trees. It is also known as cheap cocaine. Many students use it for late-night studying because the drug keeps you awake and alert for long periods of time. The problem is many students will do nything to get their hands on it in fear that they cannot do work without it. On the other hand, Adderall is also used as an all-night party drug. In the party scene, this is where Adderall is known as cheap cocaine. It is either taken orally or snorted before or while drinking alcohol, allowing the user to stay awake and drink for a longer period of time causing their BAL (Blood Alcohol Level) to continue to r ise without the user falling asleep. This can not only lead to hospitalization but it can also lead to death. Adderall is being so widely used that the prescription is currently on a manufacturer backorder. The reason is because more and more people are being diagnosed with ADD and ADHD and in most cases I believe it is because people are faking the symptoms and doctors are too willingly writing out prescriptions. The DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) only releases a certain amount of the drug at a time in an attempt to prevent illegal abuse. With the demand of Adderall being so high at this time, its presence in the market is currently scarce. A story told in Texas showed that a man drove about 80 miles away from home to fill his prescription and paid $417 for the name brand Adderall (Keith). This story comes to show how addictive this drug can be. The central nervous system stimulant Adderall is not the only form of prescription drugs being abused. Pain killers are also being abused by students, Vicodin being one example. It is used to treat mild to severe pain with side effects of nausea, sedation, shallow breathing, slow heartbeat, confusion, and possible seizure (â€Å"Vicodin†). The abuse may begin when you break a bone and are in return prescribed Vicodin for the pain. You continue to take the drug until the pain goes away and may continue to take it after the pain is gone. I have personally seen this happen with a friend who recently broke his leg. This particular person has no more pain from the injury, but continues to take the Vicodin for recreational purposes and sometimes drinks alcohol while taking them. When mixing alcohol and Vicodin it causes an enhanced sedated feeling and/or respiratory depression making the effects life threatening. In addition to Vicodin, the pain killer Oxycontin is also widely abused. It is used to treat severe pain that is expected to last a prolonged amount of time. Oxycontin has many similar side effects of Vicodin along with sweating, itching, loss of appetite, and severe weakness. It works by blocking the brain from receiving pain messages. The reason Oxycontin is so dangerous is because it is highly addictive and is a central nervous system depressant. It is believed that a younger healthier college student is more likely to become addicted to the drug rather than an older adult taking it for pain reasons. This is because taking Oxycontin to get high has a completely different effect on the body (â€Å"Oxycontin†). Like most drugs, Oxycontin can be abused in many different forms. It can be taken orally, crushed up and snorted, or dissolved and injected. By crushing it up or injecting it, it causes an instant feeling of euphoria when it enters the body. Oxycontin is often called â€Å"poor man’s heroin† due to the fact that they both have comparable effects. When the user is exposed to constant amounts of high doses, dependence of the drug is nearly inevitable. College students do not understand the dangerous and deadly outcomes of abusing Oxycontin. There are many cases where young adults in college have died from abusing it as a party drug. One case at the University of California, a student was not so lucky. You read "Abuse of Prescription Drugs on College Campuses" in category "Papers" Daniel Ashkenazy, a pre-law student was found dead at the age of 20 the morning after a fraternity rush party after taking Oxycontin while drinking alcohol. The shocking part is that a lot of times there are no signs of drug abuse and you do not have to be addicted to the drug for it to kill you. Daniel was a junior at the college with a 3. 8 grade-point average and frequently spoke with his mother. Another case at Colorado State University, 20 year old John Hunter-Hauck was found dead by his roommates the day after an off-campus party. His autopsy revealed traces of Oxycontin and alcohol in his system which resulted in his death. Moving away from pain killers, Xanax is a highly abused prescription drug used to treat anxiety and panic disorders. Common street names for the drug are bars, blues, peaches, and handlebars. Xanax has a calming effect that controls the chemicals in your brain that cause anxiety. Some side effects may include drowsiness, depression, dry mouth, constipation, and headache. Students turn to this drug because it has similar effects of alcohol. Also, it is used to help take the edge off the constant stresses and demands that college puts on a student. When taking it in ‘bar’ form rather than the smaller dosage pill, the effects are so intense that you lose your ability to reason and think. When Xanax is mixed with alcohol, the effects are either intensified or reversed causing even greater anxiety because they are both central nervous system depressants (â€Å"Xanax†). Like Xanax, the prescription drug Valium is taken to reduce anxiety but it also used to treat muscle spasms and alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Some side effects may include dizziness, fatigue, and muscle weakness. When mixing Valium with alcohol you may experience difficulty breathing and it may cause you to pass out. If too much Valium or alcohol is taken, it could lead to a coma. The effects of alcohol are stronger and you are unable to drink a much as you normally do. After long term use, dependence may form. Insomnia, panic attacks, tremors, and/or depression may occur after a sudden stoppage from taking Valium (â€Å"Valium†). Prescription drug abuse among college students has become so rampant that there are parties specifically intended for exchanging these drugs. They are known as â€Å"pharm parties. † The basis of a â€Å"pharm party† is that everyone who attends brings their own prescription drugs and freely exchanges these drugs for other drugs. They sometimes even put all the pills into a large bowl and ingest whatever pills they pick out. Being that many of these individuals are willing to try anything new, they do not always know what prescription they are taking which results in different forms of potentially dangerous highs (Alexander). Even places one would believe to be a safe route for help are not always so safe. Recently in Indiana County, PA, a doctor at the Indiana Walk-in Clinic was arrested and accused of exchanging powerful pain medications for sexual favors. This just shows what extremes people will go through to get the drugs that they need. The doctor was providing prescriptions of Oxycodone to the patient despite the fact that he was aware she previously failed drug screenings at the clinic (â€Å"Indiana Co. Doctor†). So what happens when a college student is caught selling their prescription medication in the library during finals week or in the hallway of a school building? The consequence is that of a felony offense, although different states have different laws regarding the selling of a controlled substance. In some states you could be sentenced prison time or you could be let off on easier charges if you are a first time offender. The same ramification is in effect if you are caught purchasing the drug as well. Recreational Drugs Prescription drugs are not the only substances where abuse is a problem. On college campuses, alcohol is by far the most serious issue. Almost half of college students drink to the point of binge drinking or drink in greater excess. Binge drinking means a person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC) reaches 0. 08 grams percent or higher. The BAC generally reaches this after a man consumes 5 or more drinks or a woman consumes 4 or more drinks within 2 hours. This kind of drinking is what effects students the most. When under this influence, students are more likely to fall behind with school work, skip their classes, engage is risky or illegal activities, or be injured. The issue of binge drinking is not easily controlled due to the fact that alcohol fits within a student’s budget and it is very easy to access(â€Å"Alcohol’s Damaging Effects†).. Alcohol is used in many social situations in college such as fraternity/sorority parties, house parties, tailgating for sporting events, or just going to the bar. In these social settings, students are more likely to drink more in a short period of time resulting in a blackout. A blackout is where you are intoxicated to the point where you cannot remember specific events that take place or you may not remember anything from a certain point on (â€Å"Alcohol’s Damaging Effects†). This stage in consuming alcohol is the most dangerous because the person may have little or no memory of risky actions like driving under the influence, engaging in unprotected sex, or committing illegal acts (â€Å"Binge Drinking†). Some students are less fortunate nd instead of blacking out, the consequence is death. Samantha Spady, a sophomore at Colorado State University, was found dead at a fraternity house at the age of only 19. The cause of death being binge drinking. Binge drinking also leads to a high risk for sexual assault, where women are mostly the victims. After consuming over 10 drinks in one sitting, about 60% of young women are sex ually assaulted after their first semester of college (â€Å"Freshman women’s binge drinking†). Sexual assault can range anywhere from unwilling sexual interaction or even worse, rape. Since alcohol is the most frequently abused substance, marijuana is the runner-up (Boyum). Marijuana, also known as pot or weed, is usually smoked either like a cigarette (joint), blunt/cigar form, or from a pipe. It can also be ingested by cooking it into food or brewed into tea (â€Å"NIDA InfoFacts†). Marijuana is considered a gateway drug that opens up users to even harder and more dangerous drugs. The effects of smoking weed can include paranoia, random thinking, short term memory, anxiety, and distorted sense of time (â€Å"Marijuana Uses†). College students often turn to marijuana use because it helps to take the edge off of everyday college demands and responsibilities. Weed smokers are more likely to spend more time engaging in party-like activities rather than studying due to difficulty concentrating (Ray). Results from continued use will more than likely result in poorer grades, possible changes in personal relationships, inability to retain new information, or difficulty comprehending information (Ray). Some say marijuana is addictive yet some say it is not. So what is an abused drug that is addictive? Cocaine. We have already found that Adderall is a central nervous system stimulant, and so is cocaine but highly more addictive and powerful. Cocaine (coke) is usually snorted but it can also be mixed into water and injected. Regardless the way it is used, it enters the bloodstream quickly and the effects only take seconds. The results are similar to that of Adderall yet much stronger causing very high levels of mental alertness and energy. It works by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain which is a chemical associated with pleasure. Long term usage can cause addiction because it is disrupting the brain’s reward system and will not produce dopamine in a normal fashion as it did prior to using the drug. It may sound like an amazing drug that causes it’s user to have a feeling of euphoria each time it is used, but the problem is it is very easy to overdose. Over time, a tolerance may build up causing the user to take more and more of the drug attempting to achieve the euphoric feeling they had the first time they tried it. Needless to say, this can ultimately result in overdose and death (â€Å"NIDA InfoFacts†). Cocaine can even effect life decisions as serious as what college to attend. Paige, a student at the University of Miami made her decision to attend there because she found that coke was cheap and very easy to get. Luckily for Paige, she stopped using the drug after her first year attending the college because it stopped being a fun thing for her to do (Shepherd). Another case was that of a former student of the University of Miami, who was identified by her middle name Xavier. She stated that using coke not only affected her grades, but also her relationships with friends. Her grades were so bad that she was unable to continue attending the university. Another effect of coke is loss of appetite, and Xavier even admitted that was one of the reasons she continued to use it. â€Å"It’s so addictive that your life revolves around coke,† she said. â€Å"I was failing school, and I wasn’t going to class because you don’t really have the desire for anything [while] on coke. † After leaving the university, she stopped using the drug and her grades have improved as she now attends Miami Dade in hopes to re-enroll at the University of Miami (Shepherd). In Andria Ziegler’s case, she was found dead at her Paradise Valley Community College professor’s home. The autopsy revealed the 19-year-old’s death was caused by an accidental cocaine overdose (â€Å"College Student Dies†). Another popular drug among college students has a completely different effect than any of the previous drugs. These drugs are called hallucinogens. A common form is LSD (Lysergic Acid Diathylamide), also known as acid. It most often comes in the form of blotter papers, which are small paper squares that are dipped in LSD. Other forms include powder, liquid, pills, and capsules. Taking the drug results in a â€Å"trip† lasting around 12 hours with feelings of mind-altering changes in thought and mood, distorted perceptions of reality, and can cause hallucinations (â€Å"LSD†). College students are attracted to acid because of its easy availability, cheap prices, and mind-altering perceptions (Loglisci). A user can either have a very pleasurable experience or have a very terrifying â€Å"bad trip†. Each time acid is taken the results are different and have extremely unpredictable outcomes. Not only does the trip affect you when you take it, but it may also result in flashbacks of the experience weeks or even months later. These recurrences are also unpredictable and will lessen over time(Hallucinogens). Another similar hallucinogenic drug linked to LSD is mushrooms. They are also known as magic mushrooms or shrooms which contain psilocybin (a hallucinogenic principle). Shrooms can either be orally ingested or brewed into tea and drank. They have very similar effects of acid being that they cause trips that can either be pleasant or terrifying but they also cause altered perceptions of sight, touch, and taste. The long term effects are the same and can cause horrific flashbacks that can occur long after taking the drug (â€Å"Mushrooms†). The scariest aspect of this drug is that when you are around the students taking it, you do not know what is going to happen, depending on the outcome of the trip. I have personally experienced a friend â€Å"tripping† on shrooms and it was not a pleasant experience. It happened to be a bad trip and he was severely depressed and talking about life in a very serious manner. It was quite a frightening experience. Although I have never seen anyone take acid, I was told a story from another friend who tried it. They were two students at IUP who were bored one night and decided to try the drug. My friend explained to me that the two of them sat in a room all night until morning writing their thoughts on post-it notes and sticking them all over the wall until it was covered. She said that the next day they read the notes and had not one clue as to what any of them meant because they did not remember what was going through their heads at the time of the trip. A case in New York showed that Michael Simmons, a 19-year-old student at the New York Conservatory for Dramatic Arts was found dead after an 8-story fall from his dorm window. Nothing was posted about the autopsy, but friends said that it happened after Michael and a few others consumed hallucinogenic mushrooms (Feeney, Gendar, and Lauinger). It is a scary thought to think that if you take a hallucinogenic drug you could possibly have a terrifying experience, jump out of an 8-story window to your death, or possibly not remember anything at all. In conclusion, it is clear from the sources displayed in this article that recreational drugs and prescription drugs will always be in demand for certain users. As a responsible and sovereign society it is one’s personal responsibility to understand the threats and consequences of these substances. Recreational drugs and prescription drugs alike all have potentially harmful and sometimes fatal effect on the human body. The sad truth is that these drugs are all addictive and are easy to miss use in the wrong hands. Unfortunately this is a real and unfortunate fact of the world we live. Different individuals and personalities handle and make with decisions their own way. Drug use to some is a personal choice. With new knowledge in drug awareness it is our responsibility as a society and individuals to educate, influence, and prevent the harmful and potentially fatal effects of drug abuse. To avoid potentially harmful or life threatening situations please consider the data and message displayed in this paper. Works Cited â€Å"Adderall. † Rxlist. com. Rxlist, N. p. , Web 20 Oct. 2011. â€Å"Alcohol’s Damaging Effects On The Brain. † Nih. gov. National Institute On Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism, Oct. 2004. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. Alexander, Deborah, â€Å"Pharm-Raised Teens Oxycontin Abuse Prevalent Among Adolescents,† alexanderlawoffice. om. N. p. , Web. 13 Oct. 2011. â€Å"Binge Drinking on College Campuses. † Cspinet. org. Center For Science In The Public Interest, Dec. 2008. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. Boyum, Richard. â€Å"A Two Edged Sword: Marijuana Use and College Students. † Selfcounseling. com. N. p. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. â€Å"College Student Dies After O verdosing on Cocaine at Home of Professor, Her Alleged Lover. † Foxnews. com. FOX News Network, 5 June 2008. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Coroner: Alcohol Poisoning Killed CSU Student. † Thedenverchannel. com. Denver News, 17 Sept. 2004. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. Feeney, Michael J. Alison Gendar, and John Lauinger. â€Å"Friends say mushrooms contributed to Brooklyn College student’s fatal fall. † NY Daily Times. 10 Nov. 2010. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Freshman women’s binge drinking tied to sexual assault risk. † Jsad. com. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, Jan. 2012. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. â€Å"Hallucinogens. † Justive. gov. United States Drug Enforcement Administration, N. p. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Indiana Co. Doctor Charged With Trading Drugs for Sex. † Wpxi. com. 12 Oct 2011. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. Jacobs, Andrew, â€Å"The Adderall Advantage. † Nytimes. com. The New York Times, 31 July 2005. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. Keith, Damali, â€Å"Adderall Shortage Has Many Worried. † Myfoxhouston. com. 30 Aug. 2011. Loglisci, Caroline A. , â€Å"LSD popular for college students. † Dailycampus. com. The Daily Campus, 25 Apr. 2001. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. â€Å"LSD (Acid). † Drugabuse. com. National Institute on Drug Abuse, N. p. Web. 23 Nov 2011. â€Å"Marijuana Use and Its Effects. † Webmd. com. WebMD, N. p. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Mushrooms. † Drugfree. org. The Partnership at Drugfree. org, N. p. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. â€Å"NIDA InfoFacts: Cocaine. † Drugabuse. com. National Institute on Drug Abuse, N. p. Web. 23 Nov. 011. â€Å"NIDA InfoFacts: Marijuana. † Drugabuse. com. National Institute on Drug Abuse, N. p. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Oxycontin. † RxList. com. Rxlist, N. p. , Web. 13 Oct. 2011 Ray, Linda. â€Å"What Are the Effects of Marijuana Use on College Students? † Livestrong. com. 17 May 2011. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. Shepherd , Lauren. â€Å"Cocaine used by college students. † UPIU. com. UPIU, 19 Dec. 2008. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Vicodin. † RxList. com. Rxlist, N. p. , Web. 13 Oct. 2011 Williams, Eni, â€Å"Valium. † Rxlist. com. Rxlist, N. p. , Web. 13 Oct. 2011. â€Å"Xanax. † RxList. com. Rxlist, N. p. , Web. 13 Oct. 2011. How to cite Abuse of Prescription Drugs on College Campuses, Papers

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In 1865, only a small group of politicians supported black suffrage. All were radical Republicans, led by Charles Sumner and Thatched Stevens. They helped pass the Reconstruction Act. Lincoln plan In December 1 863, Lincoln issued the Proclamation of Amnesty/ Reconstruction, enabled southern states to rejoin Union if at least 10 % would take an oath of allegiance and accept emancipation. Lincoln hoped to undermine the Confederacy by establishing pro-union governments within it and build a southern Republican party.Passed by Radical Republicans, The Wade-Davis Bill (1864) provided that a military governor would rule each roomer Confederate state; after at least half the eligible voters took an oath of allegiance to the Union, delegates could be elected to a state convention that would repeal secession and abolish slavery. Lincoln Pocket-vetoed this bill, making many congressmen angry. Nowhere in the U. S. Was African-American suffrage a thing yet. Presidential Reconstruction under Johnson He was the only southern senator to remain in Congress when his state seceded, served as military governor of Tennessee from 1862 to 1864. He was a lifelong Democrat who had been added to the Republican ticket in 1 864 o broaden its appeal and who had become president by accident. Against Republican desires in 1 865, Johnson made a proclamation that brought back southern states still without reconstruction governments- Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas. All southerners who took oath would be provided personal amnesty by Johnson. By the end of 1 865, Presidential Reconstruction had caused all 7 states to create new civil governments that restored the status quo from before.Confederate officers and large planters assumed state offices. All 7 states kook steps to ensure a landless, dependent black labor force: they passed black codes to replace the slave codes, which established things like racial segregation in public places; prohibited racial intermarriage, jury service by blacks, and court testimony by blacks against whites. The black codes left freedmen no longer slaves b ut not really liberated either. Congress vs.. Johnson Moderate Republicans, the largest congressional bloc, agreed with radicals that Johnnys plan was too feeble, but they did not want to publicly oppose the President.Nothing was really done for a while. 2 proposals to invalidate lacked, drafted by moderate Republican, Lyman Truthful, wonder support 1 Continuation of the Freedmans Bureau which provided relief, rations, and medical care; built schools for freed blacks; put them to work on abandoned or confiscated lands; and tried to protect their rights as laborers. Congress extended the the bureaus life for 3 years and gave it power to run special military courts, to settle labor disputes, and to invalidate labor contracts forced on freedmen by the black codes. 2. A bill that made blacks U.S. Citizens with the same civil rights as other citizens and authorized federal intervention in the states to ensure black rights in court. 3. Neither one of these bills passed because they were both vetoed by Andrew Johnson. Congress overrode his vetoes; the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first major law ever passed over a veto. The president had alienated moderate Republicans, who now joined Radicals to oppose him. The 14th Amendment (1866) First Clause- all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens of the nation and of their states.This section nullified the Dried Scott case from 1857. Second- guaranteed that if a state denied suffrage to any of its ale citizens, its representation in Congress would be proportionally reduced. This did not guarantee black suffrage but was half way there and they specifically said male citizens, angered womens suffrage advocates, major setback for them. Third- it disqualified from state and national office all prewar officeholders who had supported the Confederacy, unless Congress removed this ban with a 2/3 vote.Finally- it repudiated the Confederate debt and maintained the validity of the federal debt. This amendment created a firestorm; no one liked every single part of it, including the President. Congressional Reconstruction (1866-1867) Congress passed the Reconstruction Act Of 1867. Johnson vetoed it Congress then passed it over veto The Impeachment Crisis (1867-1868) In March 1867, The Tenure Of Office Act was passed which prohibited the president from removing civil officers without Senate consent The goal was to stop Johnson from firing Secretary of War Edwin B. Stanton, a Radical Republican.Also the president could not issue military orders except through commanding general Ulysses S. Grant, who could not be removed by the Perez, only Senate. Johnson did replace Stanton and Congress had a reason to impeach. The House approved 11 charges of impeachment, 9 based on violation of Tenure of Office Act. Other charges accused him of being unmindful of the high duties of office, seeking to disgrace Congress, not enforcing the Reconstruction. In court Johnnys lawyers maintained that he was only seeking a court test by violating the Tenure of Office Act, which was claimed unconstitutional.They also said the law did not protect Stanton because he was an appointee of Lincoln and not Johnson. He was guilty of nothing that was tried in normal courts. Late in May 1 868, the senate voted against Johnson 35 to 19, one vote short of the 2/3 needed to convict. They set a precedent: their vote discouraged impeachment on political grounds for decades to come. The 15th Amendment and the Question of Womens Suffrage (1869-1870) The 15th amendment sought to protect black suffrage in the south, who would now presumably vote Republican. It prohibited the denial of suffrage by the states to any citizen on account of race, or servitude Democrats argued that it violated states rights by denying each state leverage over who would vote. They did not control enough states to deny his amendment, it was passed in 1870. The amendment neither guaranteed black office holding nor prohibited voting restrictions such as property requirements and literacy tests. (loop holes to deny black voting) In Elizabeth Caddy Stanton and Susan B. Anthony view the 14th Amendment had disabled women by including the word male, and the 1 5th Amendment failed to remedy this injustice.The battle over black suffrage and the 1 5th Amendment split womens rights advocates into rival suffrage associations, the Boston based American Women Suffrage Association was endorsed by Julia Ward Howe and Lucy Stone and believed in universal male suffrage. Opposing was the New York based National Women Suffrage Association led by Stanton and Anthony who condemned f ormer male allies. Susan B. Anthony embroiled about seventy women to vote on womens suffrage nationwide in 1 872, but she was indicted, convicted, and fined.Missouri suffragist Virginia Minor brought suit with her husband against voter registrars who had excluded her. In Minor v. Happiest (1875), the Supreme Court declared that a state could constitutionally deny women the vote. Reconstruction Governments Beginning in 1 865, freedmen organized conventions where they protested ill treatment/demanded rights Race Riots erupted in major southern cities, such as Memphis in May 1866 and New Orleans later. Congressional Reconstruction, took effect in 1867. The Johnson regimes were dismantled, state constitutional conventions met, and voters elected new state governments, Republicans dominated. Republican rule was brief, lasting less than a decade in all southern states, far less in most, bag. 5 years The governments formed under congressional Reconstruction were unique in the oral because black men including slaves participated in them. A New Electorate Laws through 1867-1868 transformed the southern electorate by temporarily disfranchising 1 0 to 15 % of potential white voters and by enfranchising more than 700,000 freedmen.To Democrats, Southern Republicans comprised three types of scoundrels: northern carpetbaggers who had allegedly come south seeking wealth power; southern scalawags, predominantly poor and ignorant whites; and hordes of uneducated freedmen, who were ready to prey for Republican manipulators 20,000 northern migrants (carpetbaggers)- including veterans, missionaries, teachers, and Freedmans Bureau agents- headed sou th immediately after the war, many soon returned north. Those who stayed held almost one out of three state offices and wielded disproportionate political power.Scalawags, white southerners who supported the Republicans, included entrepreneurs who applauded party policies such as the national banking system and high protective tariffs. Unlike carpetbaggers, they lacked commitment to black rights Or black suffrage. Freedmen provided eight out of ten Republican votes. Republican rule lasted longer in states with more blacks. Blacks served in all southern legislatures but constituted the majority only in South Carolina. Black officeholders formed a political elite, they often differed from black voters in background and education.Republican Rule Freedmen delegates helped abolish property qualifications for office holding, made appointive offices elective, and redistributed state legislatures more equally. All states now had universal male suffrage. Hoping to attract northern investment to the reconstructed South, southern Republicans hesitates to threaten property rights or to adopt land reform measures that rather Republicans had rejected. Once civil power shifted from the federal army to the new state governments, Republican regimes began ambitious programs of public works. Building bridges, roads, and public buildings) They also expanded state bureaucracies, raised pay for government jobs, formed state militia (predominantly black), and they created a public school system which had been non-existent before. These changes cost millions and taxes skyrocketed, people began to complain about Republican rule in the south and heavy corruption did not help. Northern tax rates still exceeded southern rates. Counterattacks In 1868-1869, Georgia Democrats challenged the eligibility of black legislatures and expelled them from offices.In response, the federal government reestablished military rule in Georgia. Democrats backed dissident Republican factions, elected some Democratic legislators, reduced blacks votes and lured scalawags away from the Republican party. In 1865, Freedmans Bureau agents itemized outrages against blacks, including shooting, murder, rape, arson, and inhuman beating. Vigilante groups sprung up everywhere in the south. Confederate war veterans in Tennessee formed the UK Klux Klan, distinguished by elaborate rituals, hooded costumes, and secret passwords.